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FCPS PAST PAPERS: Surgery June 2009

Q1.WHICH LOBE OF LUNG HAS 2 SEGMENT
A.RT;UPER LOBE
B.RT LOWER LOBE
C.RT MIDDLE LOBE
D.LEFT LOWER LOBE
E..LEFT UPPER LOBE

Q2.EARLIEST SIGN OF ASPIRIN OVER DOSE?
A.TINNITUS
B.GASTRIC UPSET
C.METABOLIC ALKLOSIS

Q3.MAIN SIDE EFFECT OF LIDOCAINE
A.ARRTHYMIA
B.TONIC CLONIC SEZIRES
C.NAUSEA VOMITING

Q4.ENTAMOBEA HISTOLYTICA?
A.DOES NOT HAVE CARRIER
B.LIMITED TO G.I.T
C.PROTZOA

Q5.T.B ULCER MARGIN?
A.EVERETED
B.INVERTED
C.INDIFINE
D.INDURATED

Q6.SECTRION OF HARMONE INCREASE AS DARKNESS INCREASING?
A.CORTISOL
B.GROWTH HARMONE
C.MELATONINE
D.INSULIN

Q7.INDICATION OF SPLEENECTOMY?
A.AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
B.SICKEL CELL ANEMIA
C.G SIX PHOSPATES DIF
D.THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Q8.RBC CELL MEMBRANE?
A.ACTIN
B.MYOCIN
C.SPECTRIN
D.HEMOGLOBIN

Q9.CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFIC?
A.CAUSES LOCAL HYPOXIA
B.AEROBES
C.ALPHA TOXIN
D.CONVERSVATIVLY TREAT.

Q10.INGUINAL HERNIA?
A.INDIRECT PASSES ONLY SUPER;RING
B.DIRECT PASSES THROUGH HESSAL BECH TRIANGLE
C.DIRECT LYING ON MEDIAL SIDE OF INF:EPIGASTIC ARTERY

Q11.CONTENT OF INGUINAL HERNIA?
A.INF:EPIGASTRIC ARTERY
B.LYMPH OF FUNDUS OF UTERUS.
C.OVARIAN ARTERY.
D.FEMORAL ARETY

Q12.DIALYSING FLUID COMPOSTION SAME AS PLASMA AXCEPT WHICH ONE HIGH?
A.GLUCOSE
B.UREA
C.K*
D.CA

Q13.COMMON ORGAINSM INFECTION IN LIVER TRANSPLANT PT:
A.HEP.B
B.HEB C
C.CYTOMEGALO VIRUS
D.INFLUENZA

Q14.RT:CORNOARY ARETY?
A.RISES FROM RT:POST AROTIC SINCUS
B.SUPPLY BOTH ARTIUM
C.RUN IN POST INTERVENTRICULAR GROOVE
D.BR:CIRCUMFELX

Q15.BRUN PT; HYPOTENSION,TACYCARDIA?
A.D.I.C
B.INFECTION


Q16.BOY WITH INCREASE BLEEDING TIME AFTER CIRCUMCISION,HIS COUSIN ALSO HAVE SAME PROBLEM?
A.BT
B.CLOTTING TIME
C.APTT
D.PT

Q17.SECOND HEART SONUD?
A.CLOUSER OF TRICUSPID VALVES
B.FILLING OF VENTRICLE
C.CLOSURE OF SEMILUNAER VALVES

Q18.BLADER CA?
A.TRANSITIONAL CELL CA.
B.Sq: CELL CA
C.EPITHOID CA

Q19.CALCITONIN?
A.INCREASE BLOOD CA LEVEL
B.INC;ABSORTION OF CA INTESTINE
C.INC:ABSORTION FROM RENAL TUBULES
D.INC:BONE REABSORBATION

Q20.AFTER MULTIPULE BLOOD TRANSFUSION?
A.HYPOKALEMIA
B.HYPERKALEMIA
C.HYPOCALCEMIA
D.RAISED BUN

Q21.COMPENSATION AFTER MILD BLOOD LOSS?
A.TACYCARDIA
B.DEC: COMP OF VEIN
C.NORMAL B.P

Q22.IN ALL TYPE OF SHOKE?
A.HYPOVOLEMIA
B.TACYCARDIA
C.UNCONSIOUS

Q23.FAT EMBOLSIM?
A.SYPMTOMS AFTER 12 HRS
B.80% FATAL
C.COMON CAUSE THROMBPHILIBITIES
D.BREAST TRUMA

Q24.CHILD THIN,DEPIGMENTED,APATHY
A.MARASMUS
B.KASHIKOR
C.DIARREHA

Q25.PT:WITH GRANULOMATOUS LESION IN BLADDER DEVELOPED CA.CAUSE?
A.SHISTSOMIA MANSONI
B.CIGGRATE SMOKING
C.SHIS;HEMATOBOIUM
D.DIYES

Q26.RETROGRADE AMNEISA?
A.FRONTAL LOBECTOMY
B.AGGREVATE BY TEMPORAL LOBE TRUMA


Q27.METAPLASIA,INCORRECT?
A.IRREVERSIBLE
B.BRONCHIAL EPI;
C.GASTRO ESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION
D.CERVIAL JUNCTION

Q28.APPENDIC EPIPLOIC PRESENT IN?
A.DEUDENUM
B.RECTUM
C.JEUJENIUM
D.ILIUM

Q29.COMMON COMPLICATION OF BETAL NUTS?
A.SUBMUCOSAL FIBROSIS
B.EPITHEIAL POLYP
C.CA; EPITHILIUM

Q30.FEMORAL SHEATH?
A.FASICA ILISCA
B.FASICA TRAVERSALIS
C.FASCIA TRANSVERSALIS AND ILISCAP

Q31.LOCALLY MALIGNANT TUMOR?
A.CHOLESTATOMA
B.NEUROBLASTOMA.

Q32.COMMON SIGN OF OF AGRUNLOSYTOSIS CAUSES BY ANTIEPILEPTICS?
A.WT:LOSS
B.SORE THOART
C.BLEEDING
D.GIT UPSET

Q33.DURING OPERATION OF POST;CERVICAL LYMH NODE BIOPSY?
A.CRANIAL PORTION OF ACCERY NERVE.
B.SPINAL PORTION OF ACCESSRY NERVE.
C.AXILLARY NERVE
D.LOWER CORD OF BRACHIAL PLEXUSES
E.PHERINIC NERVE.

Q34.PT: WITH ROAD TRAFFIC ACCEDIENT,UNABLE DORSIFLEX AND EVERT FOOT?
A.SUPER; PERONEAL NERVE
B.DEEP PERONEAL NERVE
C.COMON PERNEAL NERVE
D.TIBEAL NERVE

Q35.ESTABLISHED ANTIOXIDANT?
A.VIT A
B.VIT D
C.VIT E
D.VIT C
E.VIT B

Q36.URORECTAL SEPTUM?
A.SEPRATE RECTUM AND URINARY BLDER
B.SEPRATE RECTUM AND UROGENITAL SEPTUM
C.SEPRATE RECTUM AND SIGMOID COLON
D.SEPRATE RECTUM AND URETHRA

Q37.70% OXYGEN EXTRACT IN RESTING CONDITION IN WHICH TISSUE?
A.HEART
B.BRAIN
C.KIDNEY
D.LUNG
E.SK;MUSLES

Q38.PT: WITH THE S/S OF PANCREATITIS BUT NORMAL AMYLASE,WHAT NEXT DIAGNOSTIC TEST?
A.LFT
B.CHLESTROL
C.GLUCOSE
D.AST/ALT

Q4930 YRS OLD PERSON AHS STAB WOUND ON RT;SIDE OF CHEST?
A.IPSILATERAL LUNG COLLPASE AND IPSILATERAL CHEST WALL SPRING OUT
B.IPSILATERAL LUNG COLLAPSE AND CONTRALATERAL CHEST WALL COLLAPSE.
C.NO CHANGE IN CHEST WALL
D.CONTRALATERAL LUNG COLLAPSE AND IPSELATERAL CHEST WALL COLLAPSE

Q40.DURING OPERATION ILIUM REMOVE?
A.DEC;ABSORTION OF AMINO ACID
B.DEC ABS:OF WATER
C,INC ABSORBATION OF FAT
D.DEC; IRON ABSORBATION

Q41.COMA(DEMAGE OF PART OF BRAIN)
A.NUCLEUS CERULOSIS
B.RETICULAR FORMATION AREA
C.AREA POSTREMA

Q42.TRUE HERMOPHADISM?
A.XX/XY
B.XXY
C.XXX
D.XYY

Q43.AFTER APENDICTOMY,PT;DEVELOPED CHRONIC WOUND ABBCESS AND DRAING SINUS,CONTAING YELLOW GRANULES?
A.NOCARDIA
B.ACTINOMYCOSIS
C.H.PYLORI
D.E.COLI
E.ENT.HISTOLYTICA

Q44.RT:TESTIS LUMPH NODE DRAINGE?
A.DEEP INGUINAL NODE
B.SUP:MEDIAL GROUP INGUINAL NODE
C,PARAORTIC LYMPH NODE

Q45.FAT,CHO AND LIPID DEPOSTION BY WHICH HARMONE?
A.INSULIN
B.GLUCAGON
C.CORTISOL.
D.GROWTH HARMONE

Q46.MICROCYTIC,HYPOCROMIC ANEMIA?
A.IRON DEF;ANEMIA
B.CHORNIC BLOOD LOSS
C.SICKEL CELL ANEMIA
D.HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

Q47.CYNOSIS?
A.DEC CONTENT OF HB%
B.INC:CONCENTRATION OF DEOXY;HEMOGLOBIN
C.ANEMIA

Q48.UNLOCKING MUSCLES?
A.POPLITIUS
B.SEMITANDANNIOUS
C.SEMIMEMBRANOUS
D.SARTORIUS

Q49.URETER CONSTRICTION?INCORRECT
A.PUJ JUNCTION
B.PELVIC BRIUM
C.CROSS THE COMON ILLIC ARTERY
D.RUN ON PSOS MUSCLE

Q50.COMON SITE OF RIB FRACTURE?
A.HEAD OF RIB
B.ANGLE OF RIB
C.BODY OF RIB

Q51.INCREASE BLEEDING TIME CAUSE BY?ACCEPT
A.HENOCH,SHIL:PUPURA
B.CIROHSIS
C.DEC PLATELETS
D.THROMBOCYTOSIS.

Q52.SLOWEST GROWING TUMOR?
A.PAPILLARY CA
B.MEDULLARY CA
C.FOLLICULAR CA

Q53.TURNER SYNDROME?
A.LONG HIGHT
B.MENTAL RETARDATION
C.CARRING ANGLE REDUCED
D.HIGHT 4.5CM

Q54PELVIC DIAPHAGRM FORMED BY MUSCLES EXCEPT?
A.COCCYGUS
B.PYriformus MUSCLES
C.ILOCOCCGUS

Q55.STD CAUSES ULCER ACCPET?
A.SYPHILIS
B.HERPES
C.GONOCOCCUS


Q56.PT WITH HYPOVOLEMIC SHOKE,TREATED.WHAT WILL BE DECREASE?
A.HEART RATE
B.urine OUTPUT
C.B.P

Q57.after 48 HRS OF STRAVATION,WHT WILL BE BREAKDOWN TO PROVIDE ENEGRY
A.CHO
B.FAT
C.PROTIEN

Q58.CHRONIC HEMOLYSIS AND INTRACELLULAR PIGMENT ACCUMULATION?
A.BILIRUBIN
B.HEMOSIDRIN
C.BIVIRDIN

Q59.BASCILIC VEIN?
A.RUN OF RADIAL SIDE OF FORARM
B.FORM ON THE PALMER SURFACE OF HAND
C60.CONTINUE AS AXILLARY VEIN

Q.DRUG LEAST NEPHROTOXIC
A.GENAMYCIN
B.NEOMYCIN
C.CLINDAMYCIN

Q61.ANT:DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER JOINT WHICH NERVE DEMAGE?
A.AXILLARY
B.RADIAL
C.MUSCULOCUTANEOS
D.MEDIAN
E.LOWER BRACHIAL PLUXES

Q62.TESTOSTERONE PRODUCED BY ?
A.LYDING CELL
B.EPIDYDEMUS
C.SRTOLI CELL

Q63.APEX OF HEART?
A.3RTH INTERCOSTAL SPACE.
B.TOWARDS RIGHT
C.8CM FROM MID LINE

Q64.AFLATOXIN B1 CAUSES CA?
A.HEPATOCELLUAR CA
B.BLADDER CA
C.LEUKEMIA
D.SKIN CA

Q65.BLOOD GROUP CAUSES REACTION?
A.B+
B.A+
C.AB-
D.O+

Q66.MUSCLES DIVIDE SUBMEDIBULAR GLAND?
A.STYLOPHARAGEUS MUSCLES
B.MYLOID
C.STYLOGLOSSIUS

Q67.PT:CANNT ABDUCT THE ARM UPTO 30 DEGREE?
A.INFRASPINATUS
B.SUPRA SPINATUS
C.DELTOID

Q68.MAJOR INSPIRATORY MUSCLES?
A.INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
B.EXT:INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
C.DIAPHGRAM

Q69.LEFT SUP:RENAL VEIN DRAIN IN WHICH VEIN?
A.RENAL VIEN
B.AZYGOS VIEN
C.HEMIAZYGOS VIEN
D.ACCESSARY AZYGOS VIEN

Q70.PARASYMPATHATIC SYS CAUSES ALL OF FOLLWING AXCEPT?
A.SPINCTER CONSTRICTION
B.DILATE THE PUPIL
C.EMPTY BLADDER

Q71.PT:LOSS OF ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION OF FINGERBUT NO LOSS OF SENSATION?
A.MEDIAN NERVE
B.ULNER NERVE.
C.RAIDAL NERVE
D.DEEP BR;OF ULNER NERVE

Q72.MALE WITH T4N1M1 SERVIVAL RATE LESS 50%,S/S?
A.CACHXIA
B.ANEMIA
C.ARRTHEYMIA

Q77.FUNCTION OF LIMIC SYS AXCEPT?
A.MEMORY
B.AGGRESTION
C.SPINAL REFLAX

Q78.STRONGEST LIGAMENT?
A.ILIOFEMORAL
B.ISCHEO FEMORAL
C.DELTA LIGAMENT/MEDIAL LIGAMENT

Q79.SHORT GASTRIC ARTERY BR:OF
A.SUP:EPIGASRIC ARTERY
B.HEPATIC ARTERY
C.SPLENIC ARTERY

Q80.TYMPANIC MEMBRANE?
A.FORMED LATERAL WALL OF TYMPANIC CAVITY
B.SUPPLY BY VAGUS AND TRIGEMINAL NERVE
C.OPENING OF AUDITARY TUBE IN POST WALL.

Q81.HEPARIN
A.EMBOLISM
BSECRTED BY .BASOPHIL
C.DISLODGMENT
D.DISOLVMENT OF CLOT

Q82.VERBAL COMUNICATION?
A.BY PRESENTATION
B.INVOLVE IN RESEARCH WORK

Q83.37%POST MENUPOSAL WOMEN TAKING HRT,63 WOMEN TAKING NO MEDICATION,HOW YOU SHOW IN CHART
A.BAR CHART
B.PIE CHART
C.PICTORIAL CHART

Q84.THYROXINE CAN BE USE OTHER THEN THYROID TREATMENT?
A.WEIGHT LOSS
B.INCREASE APPEPITTE.
C.BMR

Q85.THYMUS?
A.REGRESS AFTER BIRTH
B.FORMED BY 4TH PHARENGEAL ARCHES
C.PRODUCED T CELL

Q86.GROOVE OF SUBCLAVIN ARTERY?
A.1ST RIB
B.2ND RIB
C.3RD RIB
D.CLAVICLE

Q87.PIVOT JOINT?
A.ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
B.MANDIBULAR JOINT
C.ELBOW JOINT

Q88.CA REALSE FROM SKETAL MUSCLES FROM?
A.SARCOPLASMIC RETICULIUM
B.MITOCHONDRIA
C.LYSOSOME
D.T-TUBULES

Q89.PROJECTION FIBERS PRESENT IN?
A.CORPUS CALOSUM
B.INTERNAL CAPSULES
C.RETICULAR FORMATION

Q90.PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL CHEMO RECPTORS BOTH RESPONES TO?
A.PCO2
B.PO
C.OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
D.H+

Q91.ESSENTIONAL AMINO ACID
A.TYROSINE
B.ALANINE
C.ARGININE
D.PHENYALANINE

Q92.LUMBER PUNCTURE?
A.L2 TO L3
B.L4 TO L5
C.POST;SUP;ILIC SPINE

Q93.CEREBRAL CORTEX
A.RECEIVE NO SENSORY INFORMATION
B.PRESENT ONLY IN FRONTAL LOBE
C.ESSENTIONAL FOR INITATION OF VOLUENTRY MOVEMENT

Q94.WATER ABSORBTION IN PROXIMAL CONVULATED TUBULES?
A.55% ABSORED
B.ASECNDING LIMB IS PERMIALE FOR WATER
C.WATER ABSORED THORUGH FASCILITED DIFFUSION

Q95.SUBARCHANID LYER END AT?
A.L2
B.S2
C.S5

Q96.DORSAL COLUMN MEDIAL LAMINUSCUS COTAIN?
A.FINE TOUCH
B.CROUDE TOUCH
C.PAIN
D.TEMP

Q97.GLYCOLYSIS?
A.GIVE 1 MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE
B.2 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

Q98.THICK FILAMENT?
A.MYOSIN
B.ACTIN
C.ACTOMYOSIN

Q99.ORGAN TRANSPLANT REJECTED IN 10 MIN
A.CELL MEDIATED IMUNITY
B.ANTIBODY
C.PLASMA CELL
D.NATURAL KILLER CELL

Q100.WHICH FOLLOWING CHEMICAL EXPOSURE CAUSES CA?
A.METHYL ALCOHAL
B.BENZENE
C.CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

Q101.CRANIAL NERVES CARRINYING PARASYMPATHATIC FIBERS?
A.3,7,8,10
B.3.7.9.10
C.4,7,9,10
Q102.DURING PREGNANCY HICH DRUG SAFEST IN HYPOTHYRIOD PT:
A.BETA BLOCKERS
B.DIAZEPAM
C.PROPYTHIORACIL
D.CARBAMAZIPINE

Q103.ARCHES OF LEFT LUNG?
A.AZYGOS VEIN
B.THORACIC DUCT
C.ARCH OF AORTA

Q104.DIAPHGRAM SUPPLY BY?
A.C,3,4,5
B.INTERCOSTAL NERVE
C.C 2,3.4

Q105.WHICH DRUG CAUSES CORNEAL OPACITY
A.CHLOROQUINE
B.ERTHROMYCIN


Q106.CAVERNOUS SINUS COTAIN?
A.TROCHLER NERVE
B.INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
C.ABDUCENT NERVE

Q107.WHICH DRUG INCREASE CYTO P450 SYS
A.BARBITURATES
B.SULFA DRUGS
C.ISONIAZID
D.KETOKANAZOLE

Q108.EASIEST METHOD TO DIAGNOSED MENINGOCOCCUS?
A.CULTURE
B.STAINING
C.SERUM ANTIGEN

Q109.BALCK WATER FEVER CAUSES BY?
A.PLAS;MALARIA
B.PLAS:FALCIPARUM
C.QUATRUN MALARIA

Q110.OXYTOCIN AND ADH ORIGENATED BY?
A.POST PITUTARY
B.HYPOTHALAMUS
C.ANT PITUTARY

Q111.CEREBLLAR DISORDER?
A.UNABLE TO PERFORM VOL;MOVEMENT
B.STATIC TREMORS
C.INTENSTION TREMORS

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Men 'prefer curvy women to those who are size zero', study claims

Hollywood actresses Scarlett Johansson or Kate Winslet are considered more attractive and healthy-looking than Victoria Beckham or Paris Hilton, Scottish researchers found.
The University of St Andrews study, published in the scientific journal Perception, surveyed a group of students, aged between 18 and 26, were asked to rate photographs of female faces for attractiveness and health.

They concluded that young men rated girls in the “normal” weight range as the most attractive and healthy looking.

The researchers say the findings send a strong message to young women who believe that you need to be underweight to be considered attractive.
“We often remark on how healthy or unhealthy someone looks, but it can be very difficult to say precisely how we know this,” said lead researcher Vinet Coetzee.
“Scientists have been trying to answer this question for decades, and have made many breakthroughs in our understanding of health and attractiveness, but until now they have tended to overlook the influence of weight."

The University's Perception Lab asked 84 female students a variety of questions on their health, took their blood pressure and photographed them.
The photographs were then shown to a group of male students who were asked to rate them for health, attractiveness and weight.

Professor David Perrett added: "A take home message for young people is that maintaining a normal weight benefits current health and will improve good looks.
"In our study, people in the normal weight range were judged healthier and more attractive than under or overweight individuals.
"This sends a strong message to all the girls out there who believe you have to be underweight to be attractive.

“The people making judgments in our study were all between the ages of 18 and 26 and they did not rate underweight girls most attractive.

“They preferred normal weight girls."

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Why grandmothers prefer their son's daughters

The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, found that a grandmother's love for her grandchildren is partially rooted in DNA.
The Cambridge University scientists concluded that a grandmother shares most genes with her son's daughters – and the least with her son's sons.

Applied to the Royal family, it would mean that Prince Andrew's daughter's, Beatrice and Eugenie, should find it easier to please the Queen than Charles's sons William and Harry.
And as sons of a son, the two princes should be among her least favourite grandchildren.
The researchers first used the laws of inheritance to work out how genetically similar a woman is to her children's children and found that overall, a grandmother and grandchild share around a quarter of their genes.

But differences in the way the genes on the X chromosome are passed through the generations mean that some grandchildren share more than this.
A woman passes around 31 per cent of her genes to her son's daughters but just 23 per cent to her son's sons. Her daughter's children fall in the middle, with both sexes sharing around 25 per cent of their genes.

The data was drawn from seven societies across the world and from the 17th to the 21st centuries.

Writing in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the researchers said: "Our sex-specific analysis shows that paternal grandmothers have a consistent opposite effect on boys and girls."

They add that a child may give off "signals" that make it easy for grandmothers to work out how close they are genetically. The clues may be in smell form, or may be as simple as facial resemblance.

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Do Cellular Phones Lead To Bone Weakening?

Wearing a cell phone on your belt may lead to decreased bone density in an area of the pelvis that is commonly used for bone grafts, according to a study in the September issue of The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, under the editorship of Mutaz B. Habal, MD, FRCSC. The journal is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a part of Wolters Kluwer Health, a leading provider of information and business intelligence for students, professionals, and institutions in medicine, nursing, allied health, pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry.

With long-term exposure, electromagnetic fields from cell phones could weaken the bone, potentially affecting the outcomes of surgical procedures using bone grafts, according to the new study by Dr. Tolga Atay and colleagues of Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.

Bone Density Slightly Reduced on Side Where Cell Phone Is Worn

The researchers measured bone density at the upper rims of the pelvis (iliac wings) in 150 men who were cell phone users and carried their phones on their belts. The measurements were performed using a technique called dual x-ray absorptiometry the same test used to measure bone density in patients with osteoporosis and other bone diseases.

Bone density was compared on the side where the men wore their phones (the right side in 122 men and the left side in 28) versus the opposite side. The men carried their phones for an average of 15 hours per day, and had used cell phones for an average of 6 years.

The results showed a slight reduction in iliac wing bone density on the side where the men carried their phones. The difference was not statistically significant, and did not approach the reductions seen in osteoporosis. However, the researchers point out that the men were relatively young average 32 years and that further bone weakening may occur with longer follow-up.

The results raise the possibility that bone density could be adversely affected by electromagnetic fields emitted by cell phones. Studies are evaluating the use of electromagnetic fields as a treatment to increase bone density in osteoporosis. However, those studies have used very low frequencies of 15 to 52 MHz. In contrast, the men in the new study carried cell phones with frequencies of 900 to 1,800 MHz.

The ilac wings are a widely used source of bone for bone grafting, so any reduction in bone density may be of special importance to reconstructive surgery. At least in procedures where bone density is important for good outcomes, surgeons may want to consider the possible effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields from cell phones.

The researchers emphasize that their findings are preliminary. Coming generations of mobile technology may lead to the development of new cell phones with lower exposure to electromagnetic fields. Meanwhile, Dr. Atay and colleagues conclude, "It would be better to keep mobile phones as far as possible from our body during our daily lives."

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What Are Flat Feet (pes Planus, Fallen Arches)? What Causes Flat Feet?

Source: Medical News Today

Most people have a gap under the arch of their foot when they are in a standing position. The arch, the inner part of the foot is slightly raised off the ground. People with flat feet or fallen arches either have no arch, or it is very low.

The feet of people with flat feet may roll over to the inner side when they are standing or walking, and the feet may point outwards as a result.

A significant number of people with fallen arches (flat feet) experience no pain and have no problems. Some, however, may experience pain in their feet, especially when the connecting ligaments and muscles are strained. The leg joints may also be affected, resulting in pain. If the ankles turn inwards because of flat feet the most likely affected areas will be the feet, ankles and knees.

Some people have flat feet because of a developmental fault during childhood, while others may find that the problem develops as they age, or after a pregnancy. There are some simple devices which may prevent the complications of flat feet.

According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, pes planus (flat feet) means "a condition in which the longitudinal arch is broken down, the entire sole touching the ground."
What are the signs and symptoms of flat feet or fallen arches?
A symptom is something the patient feels and reports, while a sign is something other people, including the doctor may detect. An example of a symptom may be pain in the ankle, while a sign may be a swelling.

Symptoms may vary and generally depend on the severity of the condition. Some have an uneven distribution of bodyweight and find that the heel of their shoes wears out more rapidly and more on one side than the other. The most common signs or symptoms of flat feet are:
Pain in..


..the ankle (inner side), there may also be swelling
..the foot in general
..the arch of the foot
..the calf
..the knee
..the hip
..the back
..the general lower leg area



People with flat feet may also experience stiffness in one or both feet.

One or both feet may be flat on the ground (either no arch, or very slight arch).

Shoes may wear unevenly.

What are the causes of flat feet?

Family history - experts say fallen arches can run in families.

Weak arch - the arch of the foot may be there when no weight is placed on it, for example, when the person is sitting. But as soon as they stand up the foot flattens (falls) onto the ground.

Injury

Arthritis

Tibialis posterior (ruptured tendon)

Pregnancy

Nervous system or muscle diseases - such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.

Tarsal Coalition - the bones of the foot fuse together in an unusual way, resulting in stiff and flat feet. Most commonly diagnosed during childhood.

Diabetes

Age and wear and tear - years of using your feet to walk, run, and jump eventually may take its toll. One of the eventual consequences could be fallen arches. The posterior tibial tendon may become weakened after long-term wear a tear. The postario tibial tendon is the main support structure of the arch of our feet. The tendon can become inflamed (tendinitis) after overuse - sometimes it can even become torn. Once the tendon is damaged, the arch shape of the foot may flatten.
Our feet are incredibly well specialized structures. There are 26 different bones in each foot, held together by 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments (in each foot). They way they weave and align together determine the formation of our arches.

The aim of the arches is to give us spring and distribute our body weight across our feet and legs. The structures of the arches of our feet determine how we walk - they are rigid levels which allow us to move smoothly. However, the arches need to be sturdy as well as flexible to adapt to various surfaces and stresses.

During childhood it is normal to have flat feet. This is because our feet form during our childhood. In other words, having what appears to be flat feet during early childhood does not necessarily mean that it will persist throughout the individual's life.

People with very low arches or what appear to be no arches at all may experience no problems.

What are the risk factors for flat feet?

A risk factor is something that increases the likelihood of an illness or condition developing. For example, people who are obese are more likely to develop diabetes type 2 compared to slim people. Therefore, obesity is a risk factor for diabetes.

The following risk factors are linked to a higher probability of having flat feet:
Obesity
Diabetes
Getting older (aging)
Pregnancy
Rheumatoid arthritis
Foot or ankle injury
Posterior tibial tendon tear or dysfunction

How are flat feet or fallen arches diagnosed?

People who have flat feet without signs or symptoms that bother them do not generally have to see a doctor or podiatrist about them. However, if any of the following occur, you should see your GP or a podiatrist:
The fallen arches (flat feet) have developed recently
You experience pain in your feet, ankles or lower limbs
Your unpleasant symptoms do not improve with supportive, well-fitted shoes
Either or both feet are becoming flatter
Your feet feel rigid (stiff)
Your feet feel heavy and unwieldy
Most qualified health care professionals can diagnose flat feet just by watching the patient stand, walk and examining his/her feet. A doctor will also look at the patient's medical history. The feet will be observed from the front and back. The patient may be asked to stand on tip-toe while the doctor examines the shape and functioning of each foot.

In some cases the physician may order an X-ray, CT (computed tomography) scan, or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan.

What are the treatment options for fallen arches (flat fleet)?

Some patients with flat feet may automatically align their limbs in such a way that unpleasant symptoms never develop. In such cases treatment is not usually required.
Pain in the foot that is caused by flat feet may be alleviated if the patient wears supportive well-fitted shoes. Some patients say that symptoms improve with extra-wide fitting shoes.

Fitted insoles or orthotics (custom-designed arch supports) may relieve pressure from the arch and reduce pain if the patient's feet roll or over-pronate. The benefits of an orthotic only exist while it is being worn.

Patients with tendonitis of the posterior tibial tendon may benefit if a wedge is inserted along the inside edge of the orthotic - this takes some of the load off the tendon tissue.

Wearing an ankle brace may help patients with posterior tibial tendinitis, until the inflammation comes down.

Rest - doctors may advise some patients to rest and avoid activities which may make the foot (feet) feel worse, until the foot (feet) feels better.

A combination of an insole and some kind of painkiller may help patients with a ruptured tendon, as well as those with arthritis.

Patients with a ruptured tendon or arthritis who find insoles with painkillers ineffective may require surgical intervention.

Patients, usually children, whose bones did not or are not developing properly, resulting in flat feet from birth, may require surgical intervention to separate fused bones (rare).

Bodyweight management - if the patient is obese the doctor may advise him/her to lose weight. A significant number of obese patients with flat feet who successfully lose weight experience considerable improvement of symptoms.
What are the possible complications of flat feet or fallen arches?
As fallen arches can affect the way a person's body is aligned when standing, walking or running, the risk of subsequent pain in the hips, knees or ankles is significantly greater.

People with other foot problems may find that flat feet either contribute to them or make symptoms worse. Examples include:
Achilles tendinitis
Arthritis in the ankle(s)
Arthritis in the foot (feet)
Bunions
Hammertoes
Plantar fasciitis (pain and inflammation in the ligaments in the soles of feet)
Posterior tibial tendinitis
Shin splints

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Long-term use of mobile phones 'may be linked to cancer'

Source: The Daily Telegraph
A preliminary breakdown of the results found a “significantly increased risk” of some brain tumours “related to use of mobile phones for a period of 10 years or more” in some studies.

The head of the Interphone investigation said that the report would include a “public health message”.

Britain’s Department of Health has not updated its guidance for more than four years. It says that “the current balance of evidence does not show health problems caused by using mobile phones”, and suggests only that children be “discouraged” from making “non-essential” calls while adults should “keep calls short”.

In contrast, several other countries, notably France, have begun strengthening warnings and American politicians are urgently investigating the risks.

The Interphone inquiry has been investigating whether exposure to mobile phones is linked to three types of brain tumour and a tumour of the salivary gland.

Its head, Dr Elisabeth Cardis, backed new warnings.

“In the absence of definitive results and in the light of a number of studies which, though limited, suggest a possible effect of radiofrequency radiation, precautions are important,” she said.

“I am therefore globally in agreement with the idea of restricting the use by children, though I would not go as far as banning mobile phones as they can be a very important tool, not only in emergencies, but also maintaining contact between children and their parents and thus playing a reassurance role.

“Means to reduce our exposure (use of hands-free kits and moderating our use of phones) are also interesting.”

The project conducted studies in 13 countries, interviewing tumour sufferers and people in good health to see whether their mobile phone use differed. It questioned about 12,800 people between 2000 and 2004.

Previous research into the health effects of mobile phones, in the short time they have been in use, has proved inconclusive. However, a breakdown of the latest findings, seen by The Daily Telegraph, shows that six of eight Interphone studies found some rise in the risk of glioma (the most common brain tumour), with one finding a 39 per cent increase.

Two of seven studies into acoustic neurinoma (a benign tumour of a nerve between the ear and brain) reported a higher risk after using mobiles for 10 years. A Swedish report said it was 3.9 times higher.

A summary said a definitive link could not be proved because of difficulties with subjects’ memories.

An Israeli study found heavy users were about 50 per cent more likely to suffer tumours of the parotid salivary gland.

The Interphone inquiry has faced criticism for including people who made just one call a week, and leaving out children, which some experts said could underplay the risks. Some results for short-term use appeared to show protection against cancer, suggesting flaws in the study.

The final paper, funded partly by the industry, has been delayed as its authors argued over how to present the conclusions. But it has been sent to a scientific journal and will be published before the end of the year.

A spokesman for the Health Protection Agency said there was “no hard evidence at present” of harm to health. Use by children for non-essential calls should be discouraged, he added.

A spokesman for the Mobile Operators Association said more than 30 scientific reviews had found no adverse health effects.

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