Men 'prefer curvy women to those who are size zero', study claims

Hollywood actresses Scarlett Johansson or Kate Winslet are considered more attractive and healthy-looking than Victoria Beckham or Paris Hilton, Scottish researchers found.
The University of St Andrews study, published in the scientific journal Perception, surveyed a group of students, aged between 18 and 26, were asked to rate photographs of female faces for attractiveness and health.

They concluded that young men rated girls in the “normal” weight range as the most attractive and healthy looking.

The researchers say the findings send a strong message to young women who believe that you need to be underweight to be considered attractive.
“We often remark on how healthy or unhealthy someone looks, but it can be very difficult to say precisely how we know this,” said lead researcher Vinet Coetzee.
“Scientists have been trying to answer this question for decades, and have made many breakthroughs in our understanding of health and attractiveness, but until now they have tended to overlook the influence of weight."

The University's Perception Lab asked 84 female students a variety of questions on their health, took their blood pressure and photographed them.
The photographs were then shown to a group of male students who were asked to rate them for health, attractiveness and weight.

Professor David Perrett added: "A take home message for young people is that maintaining a normal weight benefits current health and will improve good looks.
"In our study, people in the normal weight range were judged healthier and more attractive than under or overweight individuals.
"This sends a strong message to all the girls out there who believe you have to be underweight to be attractive.

“The people making judgments in our study were all between the ages of 18 and 26 and they did not rate underweight girls most attractive.

“They preferred normal weight girls."

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Why grandmothers prefer their son's daughters

The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, found that a grandmother's love for her grandchildren is partially rooted in DNA.
The Cambridge University scientists concluded that a grandmother shares most genes with her son's daughters – and the least with her son's sons.

Applied to the Royal family, it would mean that Prince Andrew's daughter's, Beatrice and Eugenie, should find it easier to please the Queen than Charles's sons William and Harry.
And as sons of a son, the two princes should be among her least favourite grandchildren.
The researchers first used the laws of inheritance to work out how genetically similar a woman is to her children's children and found that overall, a grandmother and grandchild share around a quarter of their genes.

But differences in the way the genes on the X chromosome are passed through the generations mean that some grandchildren share more than this.
A woman passes around 31 per cent of her genes to her son's daughters but just 23 per cent to her son's sons. Her daughter's children fall in the middle, with both sexes sharing around 25 per cent of their genes.

The data was drawn from seven societies across the world and from the 17th to the 21st centuries.

Writing in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the researchers said: "Our sex-specific analysis shows that paternal grandmothers have a consistent opposite effect on boys and girls."

They add that a child may give off "signals" that make it easy for grandmothers to work out how close they are genetically. The clues may be in smell form, or may be as simple as facial resemblance.

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Do Cellular Phones Lead To Bone Weakening?

Wearing a cell phone on your belt may lead to decreased bone density in an area of the pelvis that is commonly used for bone grafts, according to a study in the September issue of The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, under the editorship of Mutaz B. Habal, MD, FRCSC. The journal is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a part of Wolters Kluwer Health, a leading provider of information and business intelligence for students, professionals, and institutions in medicine, nursing, allied health, pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry.

With long-term exposure, electromagnetic fields from cell phones could weaken the bone, potentially affecting the outcomes of surgical procedures using bone grafts, according to the new study by Dr. Tolga Atay and colleagues of Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.

Bone Density Slightly Reduced on Side Where Cell Phone Is Worn

The researchers measured bone density at the upper rims of the pelvis (iliac wings) in 150 men who were cell phone users and carried their phones on their belts. The measurements were performed using a technique called dual x-ray absorptiometry the same test used to measure bone density in patients with osteoporosis and other bone diseases.

Bone density was compared on the side where the men wore their phones (the right side in 122 men and the left side in 28) versus the opposite side. The men carried their phones for an average of 15 hours per day, and had used cell phones for an average of 6 years.

The results showed a slight reduction in iliac wing bone density on the side where the men carried their phones. The difference was not statistically significant, and did not approach the reductions seen in osteoporosis. However, the researchers point out that the men were relatively young average 32 years and that further bone weakening may occur with longer follow-up.

The results raise the possibility that bone density could be adversely affected by electromagnetic fields emitted by cell phones. Studies are evaluating the use of electromagnetic fields as a treatment to increase bone density in osteoporosis. However, those studies have used very low frequencies of 15 to 52 MHz. In contrast, the men in the new study carried cell phones with frequencies of 900 to 1,800 MHz.

The ilac wings are a widely used source of bone for bone grafting, so any reduction in bone density may be of special importance to reconstructive surgery. At least in procedures where bone density is important for good outcomes, surgeons may want to consider the possible effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields from cell phones.

The researchers emphasize that their findings are preliminary. Coming generations of mobile technology may lead to the development of new cell phones with lower exposure to electromagnetic fields. Meanwhile, Dr. Atay and colleagues conclude, "It would be better to keep mobile phones as far as possible from our body during our daily lives."

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What Are Flat Feet (pes Planus, Fallen Arches)? What Causes Flat Feet?

Source: Medical News Today

Most people have a gap under the arch of their foot when they are in a standing position. The arch, the inner part of the foot is slightly raised off the ground. People with flat feet or fallen arches either have no arch, or it is very low.

The feet of people with flat feet may roll over to the inner side when they are standing or walking, and the feet may point outwards as a result.

A significant number of people with fallen arches (flat feet) experience no pain and have no problems. Some, however, may experience pain in their feet, especially when the connecting ligaments and muscles are strained. The leg joints may also be affected, resulting in pain. If the ankles turn inwards because of flat feet the most likely affected areas will be the feet, ankles and knees.

Some people have flat feet because of a developmental fault during childhood, while others may find that the problem develops as they age, or after a pregnancy. There are some simple devices which may prevent the complications of flat feet.

According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, pes planus (flat feet) means "a condition in which the longitudinal arch is broken down, the entire sole touching the ground."
What are the signs and symptoms of flat feet or fallen arches?
A symptom is something the patient feels and reports, while a sign is something other people, including the doctor may detect. An example of a symptom may be pain in the ankle, while a sign may be a swelling.

Symptoms may vary and generally depend on the severity of the condition. Some have an uneven distribution of bodyweight and find that the heel of their shoes wears out more rapidly and more on one side than the other. The most common signs or symptoms of flat feet are:
Pain in..


..the ankle (inner side), there may also be swelling
..the foot in general
..the arch of the foot
..the calf
..the knee
..the hip
..the back
..the general lower leg area



People with flat feet may also experience stiffness in one or both feet.

One or both feet may be flat on the ground (either no arch, or very slight arch).

Shoes may wear unevenly.

What are the causes of flat feet?

Family history - experts say fallen arches can run in families.

Weak arch - the arch of the foot may be there when no weight is placed on it, for example, when the person is sitting. But as soon as they stand up the foot flattens (falls) onto the ground.

Injury

Arthritis

Tibialis posterior (ruptured tendon)

Pregnancy

Nervous system or muscle diseases - such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.

Tarsal Coalition - the bones of the foot fuse together in an unusual way, resulting in stiff and flat feet. Most commonly diagnosed during childhood.

Diabetes

Age and wear and tear - years of using your feet to walk, run, and jump eventually may take its toll. One of the eventual consequences could be fallen arches. The posterior tibial tendon may become weakened after long-term wear a tear. The postario tibial tendon is the main support structure of the arch of our feet. The tendon can become inflamed (tendinitis) after overuse - sometimes it can even become torn. Once the tendon is damaged, the arch shape of the foot may flatten.
Our feet are incredibly well specialized structures. There are 26 different bones in each foot, held together by 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments (in each foot). They way they weave and align together determine the formation of our arches.

The aim of the arches is to give us spring and distribute our body weight across our feet and legs. The structures of the arches of our feet determine how we walk - they are rigid levels which allow us to move smoothly. However, the arches need to be sturdy as well as flexible to adapt to various surfaces and stresses.

During childhood it is normal to have flat feet. This is because our feet form during our childhood. In other words, having what appears to be flat feet during early childhood does not necessarily mean that it will persist throughout the individual's life.

People with very low arches or what appear to be no arches at all may experience no problems.

What are the risk factors for flat feet?

A risk factor is something that increases the likelihood of an illness or condition developing. For example, people who are obese are more likely to develop diabetes type 2 compared to slim people. Therefore, obesity is a risk factor for diabetes.

The following risk factors are linked to a higher probability of having flat feet:
Obesity
Diabetes
Getting older (aging)
Pregnancy
Rheumatoid arthritis
Foot or ankle injury
Posterior tibial tendon tear or dysfunction

How are flat feet or fallen arches diagnosed?

People who have flat feet without signs or symptoms that bother them do not generally have to see a doctor or podiatrist about them. However, if any of the following occur, you should see your GP or a podiatrist:
The fallen arches (flat feet) have developed recently
You experience pain in your feet, ankles or lower limbs
Your unpleasant symptoms do not improve with supportive, well-fitted shoes
Either or both feet are becoming flatter
Your feet feel rigid (stiff)
Your feet feel heavy and unwieldy
Most qualified health care professionals can diagnose flat feet just by watching the patient stand, walk and examining his/her feet. A doctor will also look at the patient's medical history. The feet will be observed from the front and back. The patient may be asked to stand on tip-toe while the doctor examines the shape and functioning of each foot.

In some cases the physician may order an X-ray, CT (computed tomography) scan, or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan.

What are the treatment options for fallen arches (flat fleet)?

Some patients with flat feet may automatically align their limbs in such a way that unpleasant symptoms never develop. In such cases treatment is not usually required.
Pain in the foot that is caused by flat feet may be alleviated if the patient wears supportive well-fitted shoes. Some patients say that symptoms improve with extra-wide fitting shoes.

Fitted insoles or orthotics (custom-designed arch supports) may relieve pressure from the arch and reduce pain if the patient's feet roll or over-pronate. The benefits of an orthotic only exist while it is being worn.

Patients with tendonitis of the posterior tibial tendon may benefit if a wedge is inserted along the inside edge of the orthotic - this takes some of the load off the tendon tissue.

Wearing an ankle brace may help patients with posterior tibial tendinitis, until the inflammation comes down.

Rest - doctors may advise some patients to rest and avoid activities which may make the foot (feet) feel worse, until the foot (feet) feels better.

A combination of an insole and some kind of painkiller may help patients with a ruptured tendon, as well as those with arthritis.

Patients with a ruptured tendon or arthritis who find insoles with painkillers ineffective may require surgical intervention.

Patients, usually children, whose bones did not or are not developing properly, resulting in flat feet from birth, may require surgical intervention to separate fused bones (rare).

Bodyweight management - if the patient is obese the doctor may advise him/her to lose weight. A significant number of obese patients with flat feet who successfully lose weight experience considerable improvement of symptoms.
What are the possible complications of flat feet or fallen arches?
As fallen arches can affect the way a person's body is aligned when standing, walking or running, the risk of subsequent pain in the hips, knees or ankles is significantly greater.

People with other foot problems may find that flat feet either contribute to them or make symptoms worse. Examples include:
Achilles tendinitis
Arthritis in the ankle(s)
Arthritis in the foot (feet)
Bunions
Hammertoes
Plantar fasciitis (pain and inflammation in the ligaments in the soles of feet)
Posterior tibial tendinitis
Shin splints

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Long-term use of mobile phones 'may be linked to cancer'

Source: The Daily Telegraph
A preliminary breakdown of the results found a “significantly increased risk” of some brain tumours “related to use of mobile phones for a period of 10 years or more” in some studies.

The head of the Interphone investigation said that the report would include a “public health message”.

Britain’s Department of Health has not updated its guidance for more than four years. It says that “the current balance of evidence does not show health problems caused by using mobile phones”, and suggests only that children be “discouraged” from making “non-essential” calls while adults should “keep calls short”.

In contrast, several other countries, notably France, have begun strengthening warnings and American politicians are urgently investigating the risks.

The Interphone inquiry has been investigating whether exposure to mobile phones is linked to three types of brain tumour and a tumour of the salivary gland.

Its head, Dr Elisabeth Cardis, backed new warnings.

“In the absence of definitive results and in the light of a number of studies which, though limited, suggest a possible effect of radiofrequency radiation, precautions are important,” she said.

“I am therefore globally in agreement with the idea of restricting the use by children, though I would not go as far as banning mobile phones as they can be a very important tool, not only in emergencies, but also maintaining contact between children and their parents and thus playing a reassurance role.

“Means to reduce our exposure (use of hands-free kits and moderating our use of phones) are also interesting.”

The project conducted studies in 13 countries, interviewing tumour sufferers and people in good health to see whether their mobile phone use differed. It questioned about 12,800 people between 2000 and 2004.

Previous research into the health effects of mobile phones, in the short time they have been in use, has proved inconclusive. However, a breakdown of the latest findings, seen by The Daily Telegraph, shows that six of eight Interphone studies found some rise in the risk of glioma (the most common brain tumour), with one finding a 39 per cent increase.

Two of seven studies into acoustic neurinoma (a benign tumour of a nerve between the ear and brain) reported a higher risk after using mobiles for 10 years. A Swedish report said it was 3.9 times higher.

A summary said a definitive link could not be proved because of difficulties with subjects’ memories.

An Israeli study found heavy users were about 50 per cent more likely to suffer tumours of the parotid salivary gland.

The Interphone inquiry has faced criticism for including people who made just one call a week, and leaving out children, which some experts said could underplay the risks. Some results for short-term use appeared to show protection against cancer, suggesting flaws in the study.

The final paper, funded partly by the industry, has been delayed as its authors argued over how to present the conclusions. But it has been sent to a scientific journal and will be published before the end of the year.

A spokesman for the Health Protection Agency said there was “no hard evidence at present” of harm to health. Use by children for non-essential calls should be discouraged, he added.

A spokesman for the Mobile Operators Association said more than 30 scientific reviews had found no adverse health effects.

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Watching television late into the night could make you depressed

Researchers found that too much artificial light at night can alter mood and lead to similar symptoms to depression such as lack of energy and enthusiasm.

The team from Ohio State University believe the connection could explain why levels of depression have increased as the use of electric lights have increased.

The "blue light" from televisions could be especially disruptive.

The psychologists found that mice housed in a lighted room 24 hours a day exhibited more depressive symptoms than did similar mice that had a normal light-dark cycle.

The results suggest that more attention needs to be focused on how artificial lighting affects emotional health in humans, according to study co-author Professor Randy Nelson, a professor of neuroscience and psychology.

"The increasing rate of depressive disorders in humans corresponds with the increasing use of light at night in modern society," he said.

"Many people are now exposed to unnatural light cycles, and that may have real consequences for our health."

The study, which will appear in the journal Behavioural Brain Research, involved mice who were subjected to varying degrees of light at night.

The rodents subjected to the most artificial light were found to be the most depressive using tests used by pharmaceutical companies to test anti-depressive and anti-anxiety drugs in animals before they are used in humans.

The researchers believe that the findings do apply to humans.

"This is important for people who work night shifts, and for children and others who watch TV late into the night, disrupting their usual light-dark cycle," said Laura Fonken, lead author at Ohio State University.

She said that the ability to escape light did help remove the symptoms.

There are many other practical implications. Nelson noted that most intensive care units are brightly lit all night long, which may add to the problems of their patients.

"Light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioural, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent,"said Professor Nelson.

"We suspect that suppression of melatonin may be involved in the effects of light at night on depressed affect. Blue light is especially good at suppressing melatonin so watching TV at night may reduce the nocturnal rise in melatonin."

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Yoga And Tai Chi As Pathways To Better Health

For an investment of 20 minutes each morning, the payback is reduced stress, a sense of calm and peace, improved strength, limberness, better immune function and lower blood pressure.

It's not too good to be true. The investment is practicing yoga or tai chi, which were developed and revised over many centuries. The October issue of Mayo Clinic Health Letter includes an in-depth Special Report on Yoga and Tai Chi, covering health benefits, differences between yoga and tai chi, tips for learning postures and poses, simple stretches, how breathing enhances energy, and resources to learn more.

An important advantage of yoga and tai chi is that they combine key elements of exercise -- aerobic, strength training, core stability, flexibility and balance -- into unified approaches. Certain benefits, particularly stress reduction, can be seen in as little as one day. People report better sleep and improvements in digestive health within the first few days. Better digestive health can mean better bowel function and decreased constipation. Practiced regularly, yoga and tai chi may help reverse some effects of aging, such as restricted and narrowed movements.

After 10 to 12 weeks of regular sessions, practitioners often notice significant health benefits in other areas. For example, a study of yoga and people who experience migraines found that those doing yoga had less frequent and less intense headaches than did those taking medication.

In addition, those who practiced yoga saw improvements in anxiety and depression. Yoga and tai chi can improve bone density and cardiovascular health and decrease blood pressure.

The best way to learn yoga or tai chi is by taking a class or working with a qualified instructor. These classes, which teach the art of breathing, meditation and posing, are offered at many health clubs and senior centers and through community education.

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FCPS PAST PAPERS: Radiology January 2009

1. Gastric emptying inhibited by
Ans. CCK

2. Which hepatitis has the most mortality
a. hepA
b. hep B
c. hep C
d. hep D ( ans)
e. Hep E

3. Aldosterone secretion increases in response to
a. hyponatremia
b. increase ACTH
c. hyperkalemia (ans)

4. 65% Na reabsorption is in
a. PCT (ans )
b. DCT

5. osmotic pressure depends on
a. increase molecular size
b. increase no of particles (ans)
c. electric charge

6. regarding heamoglobin
a doesnot carry CO2
b. acts as a buffer (answer )
c. contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

7. diffusion is inversely proportional to
a. thichness of the membrane (ans )

8. infants tend to defecate immediately after they eat because of
a. gastroileal reflex
b. gastrocolic reflex (ans)

9. cause of achlasia is
a. loss of myenteric plexus (ans )

10. appendix
a. does not have tenia coli (ans )

11. what is the energy source after 48 hrs of starvation
a. muscle glycogen
b. liver glycogen
c. muscle proteins (answer)

12. which is not the part of portal tract
a. hepatic artery
b. connective tissue
c. portal vein
d. hepatic vein (ans)
e. bileduct

13. what results after portal hypertension
a. increase portal diameter (ans )

14. Benedict test is used for
a. urine glucose
b. urine ketones (ans)
c. serum glucose

15. iron absorption increases in
a. ferrous form (ans)

16. total gasrectomy results in
a. iron def anemia
b. microcytic anemia
c. pernicious anemia (ans)

17.women with gravida 4 hb 8 occult blood in stool cause
a. iron def anemia (ans)

18.which hormone is responsible for fetal brain development
a. growth hormone
b. prolactin
c. thyroid hormone (ans)

19.adrenal cortical def results in
a. hyperglycemia
b. hypokalemia
c. hyponatremia (ans)
20. hyperPTH will be in all except
a. brown atrophy
b. dystrophic calcification (ans)

21.pseudohyper PTH is seen in
a. vit D def
b. paraneoplastic PTH release from tumours ( I think it is the answer )

22. diagnostic criteria for pre malignant condition
a. increase nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
b. pleomorphism
c. mitotic figures

23. diagnostic criteria for malignant tumours
a. pleomorphism
b. mitotic figure
c. local invasion

24. diagnostic criteria for soft tissue tumours
a. pleomorphism
b. mitotic figures
c. increase vascularity

25. patient with decrease hb, decrease platelets but increase TLC with generalized lymphadenopathy. Lymphocytes normal appearance cause
a. tuberculous lymphadenitis
b. non Hodgkin lymphoma
c. hairy cell
d. CLL

26.patient with CML develop joint pain, which investigation
a. uric acid (ans)
b. RA factor

27. most important chemotactic agent
a. leukotriene B4
b. C5 complex (ans)
c. histamine

28. heparin is released by which cells
a. mast cells
b. basophils ( I think so it is the ans )
c. platelets
d. neutrophils

29. most radiosensitive tumour
a. bone
b. lung
c. lymphnode
d. brain

30.least site of metastasis
a. brain
b. lung
c. liver
d. lymphnode
e. spleen ( ans )

31.sideeffect of theophylline
a. hypertension
b. seizures (ans)
c. nausea vomiting
d. apnea

32. most common side effect of estrogen contraceptive
a. thromboembolism ( ans)

33. which hormone decrease cholesterol
a. progesterone
b. estrogen ( ans)

34.women with lower abdominal pain on 18 day of LMP presented with secondary infertility . diagnostic D&C will show endometrium in which sage
a. ovulatory
b. secretory
c. proliferative
d. premenstrual

35. insulin def will result in
a. protein synthesis
b. glycogen syntheseis
c. ketogeneis in liver (ans)

36. which is a stress hormone
a. cortisol (ans)
b. NE

37. severe dehydration will result in
a. loss of ICF only
b. loss of ECF only
c. loss of total body water (ans)

38. most imp ICF electrolyte in excess
a. K+(ans)
b. Na
c. Cl-
d. HCO3

39. Bilesalts absorb from
a. ileum (ans)
b. jejunum

40.factor 1X def what should be given
a. cryoprecipitate
b. FFP
c. whole blood

41.heavy smoker with hoarseness vocal cord will show
a. hyperplasia (ans)
b. tumour
c. atrophy

42.what is not present in bowman capsule
a. podocytes
b. stratified epithelium (ans)

43. habitual smoker the epithelium will be
a. continuous stratified sq epi
b. pseudo stratified epi with patches of stratified sq epi

44. regarding CSF
a. produced by chroidplexus which is cauliflower in shape coverd by smooth muscle
b. daily production is 500 ml per day(ans)

45. axon doesnot contain
a. mitochondia
b. nissl substance (ans)

46. PDGF released from which organelles of platelets
a. alpha granules (ans)
b. dense granules
c. cytoplasm
d. cell membrane

47. smooth muscle is
a. striated
b. cardiac muscle is a specialized smooth muscle (ans)

48.somites are formed from
a. ectoderm
b. mesoderm (ans)
c. mesenchyma

49.pt has difficulty rising from sitting position but flexion of leg is normal, which musle is involved
a.ileopsoas
b.gluteusmaximus (ans)
c. sartorius

50.pellagra is due to
a. niacin def (ans)

51.which enzyme common to metabolism of both NE and serotonin
a. COMT
b. MAO (ans )

52. thin filament is covered by
a. titin
b. tropomyosin ( ans)
c. troponin t

53.narrowest part of urethra
a. external meatus (ans)
b. membranous urethra
c. navicular fossa

54.dorsal rami contribute to
a. extensors of trunk(ans)
b. flexors of neck
c. extensors of leg

55.diapgragm doesnot arise from
a. T10(ans)
b. 7th costal cartilage
c.9th rib
d. L1

56.bones of carpel
a. proximal row contains scaphoid, lunate,triquetral, pisiform(ans0

57.lattismus dorsi nerve supply
a. thoracodorsal n (ans)

58.artery which is adjacent to the phrenic nerve
a. internal thoracic
b. musculophrenic
c. pericardiophrenic (ans)

59.lt recurrent laryngeal n not associated with
a. arch of aorta
b.ligamentum arterisus
c. trachea and esophagus
d. sup vena cava (ans)

60.foreign body enters into rt lung because
a. it is more vertical and wider than left lung(ans)

61.enlargement of which part of the heart causes esophageal obs
a. left atrium (ans)
b. rt atrium
c. rt ventricle

62. which vein of heart is located in posterior interventricular sulcus
a middle cardiac vein(ans)
b. anterior cardiac vein
c. great cardiac vein

63.contraction of diaphragm causes
a.increase thoracic pr
b.decrease abdominal pr
c. increase thoracic volume (ans)

64.medial quadrant of breast lymph drainage
a. internal thoracic nodes (ans)
b. posterior nodes
c. axillary nodes

65. tumour of cervix will spread to labius majora via
a. roung ligament of uterus (ans )

66clavipectoral fascia
a. invests pectoral minor muscle (ans)
b. is pierced by axillary artery
c.is continuous with prevertebral fasia

67. blockage of rt marginal artery will result in interruption of blood supply to
a. SA node
b. interatrium wall
c. rt atrium (ans)

68.thoracic duct
a. passes thru aortic opening (ans)

69.structure precent b/w celiac trunk and sup mesenteric artery
a. pancrease and jejunum
b. pancrease (ans)

70. structure not lying posterior to left kidney is
a. duodenum (ans)
b. spleen
c. tail of pancrease

71. most anterior structure in popliteal fossa is
a. popliteal vein
b. common peroneal n
c. tibial n
d. popliteal artery (ans)

72. regarding autosomal recessive trait
a. chances of siblings to be affected is one in four

73. sup petrosal sinus is related to
a. diaphragmatic sella
b. tentorium cerebelli
c. sella turtica
d. falx cebri

74. middle cerebral vein drains into
a. cavernous sinus
b. straight sinus

75. proximal portion of CBD is supplied by
a. cystic artey (ans)
b. rt hepatic artery
c. left hepatic artery

76.cbd is divided in to following portions
a. retroduodenal+infraduodenal+supraduodenal+intraduodenal(ans)

77. lesseromentum is divided inti following portions
a. gastrohepatic+hepatoesophageal+hepatoduodenal+gastrodenal (ans)

78. regarding mekels diverticulum
a. it is a remanant of embryonic yolk sac (ans)
b. it is precent in 10% of population
c. it is 60cm distal to ileocecal valve
79. what is the commenest site of ureter stone obstruction in a standing male patient
a. lateral wall of pelvis
b. pelvic brim (ans)
c. upper part of ureter

80. calculate the median in following data 20,24,25,30,30,35
a. 30
b. 28.5(ans)
c. 35

81. regarding behavioural sciences , how is the professionalism of a doctor judged
a. punctuality
b. reputation
c. knowledge

82. in order to disclose news regarding fatal disease
a. patient should know fist
b. relatives should be told first
c. information should be hidden

83. two gps of patients given haemmorhoidal treatment and their effect seen with time
a. prospective cohort study(ans)

84.antibodies are produced by which cells
a. neutrophils
b. plasmacells(ans)
c. macrophages
d. lymphocytes

85fat embolism all are true except
a. take place with damage to fat tissue only (ans)
b. trauma to the breast

86.in atherosclerosis following are seen
a. foam cells (ans)

87. migratory thrombophlebitis is seen in
a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic recurrent pancreatitis
c. pancreatic tumour (ans)

88.which structure crosses the aorta
a.left renal vein (ans)
b rt renal vein
c. left ovarian vein

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